This research examines the determinants of entrepreneurship in China’s transition from agriculture to domestic production in the 1990’s and the subsequent transition to exporting in the 2000’s. The model that we develop and test to describe these transitions incorporates a productivity enhancing role for community (birth county) networks, which emerge in response to market imperfections at early stages of economic development. Using administrative data covering the universe of registered firms over the 1994-2012 period and the universe of exporters over the 2002-2012 period, we provide causal evidence that these networks of firms were active and were effective at increasing the revenues of their members, both in domestic production and exporting. While this substantially increased the number of domestic producers in the first stage, the incumbent domestic networks created a disincentive to enter exporting in the second stage that dominated the positive effect of the export networks. Our analysis provides a novel characterization of the development process in which community-based networks emerge at each stage to facilitate the occupational mobility of their members, and pre-existing networks slow down the growth of the networks that follow.
This research examines the determinants of entrepreneurship in China’s transition from agriculture to domestic production in the 1990’s and the subsequent transition to exporting in the 2000’s. The model that we develop and test to describe these transitions incorporates a productivity enhancing role for community (birth county) networks, which emerge in response to market imperfections at early stages of economic development. Using administrative data covering the universe of registered firms over the 1994-2012 period and the universe of exporters over the 2002-2012 period, we provide causal evidence that these networks of firms were active and were effective at increasing the revenues of their members, both in domestic production and exporting. While this substantially increased the number of domestic producers in the first stage, the incumbent domestic networks created a disincentive to enter exporting in the second stage that dominated the positive effect of the export networks. Our analysis provides a novel characterization of the development process in which community-based networks emerge at each stage to facilitate the occupational mobility of their members, and pre-existing networks slow down the growth of the networks that follow.