Substantial advances toward global decarbonization have been made in areas such as electricity generation and the electrification of building heat and road transport, yet the decarbonization of energy-intensive industries remains a formidable but crucial challenge. Decarbonization of the industrial sector, whose direct emissions account for about 25% of global carbon dioxide, is essential for transitioning the world economy toward a sustainable growth path. With present technologies and policies, such decarbonization appears technically possible, but difficult and costly. Here, we highlight the pressing need for new lines of research on two emerging frontiers. The first quantifies how industrial decarbonization technologies and policies interact with the broader economy. The second builds on growing data availability and policy experience with industrial decarbonization to provide broad-scale ex post quantifications of its impacts as an essential empirical complement to a largely modeling-based literature to date.